Have you ever wondered why cavities occur in teeth? Or how a small stain gradually turns into a pit? If yes, then this article is for you. In this article we will know what a cavity is, its types, causes, symptoms, treatment, prevention and what damage can happen if it is ignored.
What is a cavity?
Cavity means a small hole or pit in the tooth, which is formed by the breakdown of the upper layer of the teeth i.e. enamel. It can gradually reach the inner layers and cause pain, infection or tooth breakage. Cavity is also called “Dental Caries” in medical language.
Understand with an example
Suppose you ate something sweet – like chocolate, sweets or cold drink – and did not brush properly after that. The bacteria in the mouth attack the sweetness left on the teeth and form acid. This acid gradually weakens the enamel and eventually a small hole forms there – which we call a cavity.
Types of cavities
Cavities can form on any part of the tooth, but they are mostly found in these parts:
1. Smooth Surface Cavity
- It occurs on smooth parts of the teeth, such as between two teeth.
- It grows slowly, so it can be stopped or reversed if treated in time.
- This cavity is more common in people aged 20–30 years.
2. Pit and Fissure Decay
- It occurs on the upper chewing part of the teeth.
- It is especially more common on the back teeth.
- It starts in adolescence and grows rapidly.
3. Root Decay
- This happens when the gums recede and the roots of the teeth are exposed.
- More common in adults, especially those with weakened gums.
- It is difficult to prevent and treat.
How common are cavities?
You will be surprised to know that by the age of 35, more than 80% of Americans have at least one cavity. This figure is no less in India too. It is more common in children, but nowadays it is increasing rapidly in adults too due to poor diet and wrong habits.
Who are more likely to get cavities?
1. Children and teenagers
- They often do not brush properly.
- They consume more chocolate, toffees and cold drinks.
2. Adults and the elderly
- Old cavities can become active again.
- The gums shrink, which leads to root cavities.
- They are not able to pay attention to cleaning their teeth.
What are the symptoms of a cavity?
In the beginning, a cavity does not cause any particular pain or symptoms. Problems start when it progresses beyond the enamel to the dentin or pulp:
- Bad breath or bad taste in the mouth
- Bleeding or swollen gums
- Swelling of the face
- Tingling sensation in the tooth when eating hot or cold foods
- Persistent toothache or pain that increases when eating
How does tooth decay progress?
The process of cavity formation can be divided into 5 main stages:
1. Demineralisation
White, chalky spots appear on the surface of the tooth. This is a sign of a lack of minerals in the enamel.
2. Enamel Decay
If not cleaned, the enamel begins to break down and a small hole begins to form. The white spots may now turn light brown.
3. Dentin Decay
Dentin is the soft layer beneath the enamel. Decay grows rapidly here and sensitivity is also felt.
4. Pulp Damage
The pulp is the innermost part of the tooth which contains nerves and blood vessels. When decay reaches here, pain and swelling in the gums begins.
5. Abscessed Tooth
If left untreated, the infection can reach the root and a pus sac forms there. This can cause swelling in the face, pain in the jaw, and even fever.
Why do cavities occur? What are the causes?
- High intake of sweets, cold drinks, bread, milk
- Frequent snacking and not brushing
- Bacteria in the mouth convert these foods into acid
- This acid weakens the enamel and forms plaque
- Without brushing and flossing, the plaque builds up and damages the teeth
Who is at higher risk?
- People with dry mouth
- People who eat a lot of sweets or starch
- People with a family history of cavities
- People with receding gums
- People who have undergone cancer treatment
Are cavities contagious?
Not directly, but the bacteria that cause cavities can be passed from one person to another, such as by kissing or using the same spoon.
How are cavities tested?
- The dentist examines the soft spots by touching the tooth
- X-rays reveal the internal decay
- Timely dental checkups can detect it in the early stages
How is a cavity treated?
The treatment depends on how much the cavity has grown:
1. Fluoride treatment
In the early stages, enamel can be strengthened again with fluoride.
2. Filling
When a cavity is formed in the tooth, it is cleaned and filled with resin, silver or gold.
3. Root canal treatment
When the decay reaches the pulp, all the infected things are removed from inside the tooth and it is closed.
4. Extraction
If the tooth is very damaged and does not improve even with root canal, then it is removed. After this, a bridge or implant is placed.
What can be expected if you get a cavity?
- If not treated on time, the tooth can be completely lost
- In severe cases, the infection can spread to other parts of the body
- But if treated on time, teeth remain healthy for a long time
How to prevent cavities?
- Brush with fluoride toothpaste twice a day
- Reduce the intake of sweet and starchy foods
- Floss daily
- Get a dental checkup done twice a year
- Consult your child about getting sealants on their teeth
When should you see a dentist?
- If you have toothache or difficulty chewing food
- Bleeding gums
- Swelling on the face
- Any strange taste or smell
Can cavities heal on their own?
In the very early stages, if the decay is limited to the enamel, it can be prevented with fluoride and cleaning. But once the caries have penetrated the dentin, professional treatment is necessary.
Conclusion: Cavities can be prevented only by taking proper care of your teeth
Cavities are a common but serious problem. They can gradually weaken your teeth, but you can prevent them with good oral hygiene, proper diet and regular dental checkups.
